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Schizophrenia is a mental disorder [17] [7] characterized variously by hallucinations (typically, hearing voices), delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, [10] and flat or inappropriate affect. [7] Symptoms develop gradually and typically begin during young adulthood and are never resolved.
The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly understood.A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis, and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia.
The name refers to the two types of symptoms in schizophrenia, as defined by the American Psychiatric Association: positive symptoms, which refer to an excess or distortion of normal functions (e.g., hallucinations and delusions), and negative symptoms, which represent a diminution or loss of normal functions. Some of these functions which may ...
Schizophrenia is a somewhat rare disease affecting approximately 3.2 million Americans in the United States. Also, in an average year, about 100,000 individuals will be diagnosed with schizophrenia. [18] In 2010, there were approximately 397,200 hospitalizations for schizophrenia in the United States.
Dementia praecox was reconstituted as schizophrenia, paranoia was renamed as delusional disorder and manic-depressive insanity as bipolar disorder (epilepsy was transferred from psychiatry to neurology). The 'mental symptoms' included under the concept schizophrenia are real enough, affect people, and will always need understanding and treatment.
Simple-type schizophrenia is a sub-type of schizophrenia included in the International Classification of Diseases , [1] in which it is classified as a mental and behaviour disorder. [2] It is not included in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-5 ) or the upcoming ICD-11 , [ 3 ] effective 1 January 2022. [ 4 ]
Thought blocking occurs most often in people with psychiatric illnesses, most commonly schizophrenia. [3] A person's speech is suddenly interrupted by silences that may last a few seconds to a minute or longer. [4] [5] When the person begins speaking again, after the block, they will often speak about an unrelated subject.
Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia involve disturbances in executive functions, working memory impairment, and inability to sustain attention. [1] Given the high numbers of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (nearly 1% of modern-day populations), it is unlikely that the disorder has arisen solely from random mutations. [2]
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