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Piperazine is freely soluble in water and ethylene glycol, but insoluble in diethyl ether. It is a weak base with two pK b of 5.35 and 9.73 at 25 °C.; the pH of a 10% aqueous solution of piperazine is 10.8–11.8. Piperazine readily absorbs water and carbon dioxide from the air.
It is made from 4-methyl-piperazine. [6] Diethylcarbamazine was discovered in 1947 [7] by Yellapragada Subbarow. [8] [9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [10] It is not commercially available in the United States but can be acquired from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [1]
Aminoethylpiperazine (AEP) is a derivative of piperazine. This ethyleneamine contains three nitrogen atoms; one primary, one secondary and one tertiary. It is a corrosive organic liquid and can cause second or third degree burns. Aminoethylpiperazine can also cause pulmonary edema as a result of inhalation. It is REACH and TSCA registered. [1]
Estropipate, also known as piperazine estrone sulfate and sold under the brand names Harmogen, Improvera, Ogen, Ortho-Est, and Sulestrex among others, is an estrogen medication which is used mainly in menopausal hormone therapy in the treatment of menopausal symptoms.
N-Methylpiperazine is a common building block used in organic synthesis. [2] For example, N-methylpiperazine is used in the manufacture of various pharmaceutical drugs including cyclizine, [3] meclizine, and sildenafil. The lithium salt, lithium N-methylpiperazide, is used as a reagent in organic synthesis for protection of aryl aldehydes. [4]
Terazosin synthesis: [6] Reaction of piperazine with 2-furoyl chloride followed by catalytic hydrogenation of the furan ring leads to 2 . This, when heated in the presence of 2-chloro-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-amine ( 1 ) undergoes direct alkylation to terazosin ( 3 ).
In the Staedel–Rugheimer pyrazine synthesis (1876), 2-chloroacetophenone is reacted with ammonia to the amino ketone, then condensed and then oxidized to a pyrazine. [5] A variation is the Gutknecht pyrazine synthesis (1879) also based on this selfcondensation , but differing in the way the alpha-ketoamine is synthesised.
In some literature articles, the terms "mechanism of action" and "mode of action" are used interchangeably, typically referring to the way in which the drug interacts and produces a medical effect. However, in actuality, a mode of action describes functional or anatomical changes, at the cellular level, resulting from the exposure of a living ...