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In theory, classic RNNs can keep track of arbitrary long-term dependencies in the input sequences. The problem with classic RNNs is computational (or practical) in nature: when training a classic RNN using back-propagation, the long-term gradients which are back-propagated can "vanish", meaning they can tend to zero due to very small numbers creeping into the computations, causing the model to ...
The difficulty of training comes from there being many more observations than there are labels. For example, in speech audio there can be multiple time slices which correspond to a single phoneme. Since we don't know the alignment of the observed sequence with the target labels we predict a probability distribution at each time step. [3]
ELMo (embeddings from language model) is a word embedding method for representing a sequence of words as a corresponding sequence of vectors. [1] It was created by researchers at the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence , [ 2 ] and University of Washington and first released in February, 2018.
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are a class of artificial neural network commonly used for sequential data processing. Unlike feedforward neural networks, which process data in a single pass, RNNs process data across multiple time steps, making them well-adapted for modelling and processing text, speech, and time series.
A recursive neural network is a kind of deep neural network created by applying the same set of weights recursively over a structured input, to produce a structured prediction over variable-size input structures, or a scalar prediction on it, by traversing a given structure in topological order.
The two historically common activation functions are both sigmoids, and are described by = = (+).The first is a hyperbolic tangent that ranges from -1 to 1, while the other is the logistic function, which is similar in shape but ranges from 0 to 1.
Mamba [a] is a deep learning architecture focused on sequence modeling. It was developed by researchers from Carnegie Mellon University and Princeton University to address some limitations of transformer models, especially in processing long sequences. It is based on the Structured State Space sequence (S4) model. [2] [3] [4]
In cognitive neuroscience, Peter F. Dominey analysed a related process related to the modelling of sequence processing in the mammalian brain, in particular speech recognition in the human brain. [8] The basic idea also included a model of temporal input discrimination in biological neuronal networks. [ 9 ]