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Common sources include egg yolk, [7] marine foods, soybeans, [7] milk, rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower oil. It has low solubility in water, but is an excellent emulsifier. In aqueous solution, its phospholipids can form either liposomes, bilayer sheets, micelles, or lamellar structures, depending on hydration and temperature.
Egg lecithin has emulsification and lubricant properties, and is a surfactant.It can be totally integrated into the cell membrane in humans, so does not need to be metabolized and is well tolerated by humans and nontoxic when ingested; some synthetic emulsifiers can only be excreted via the kidneys.
The name lecithin was derived from Greek λέκιθος, lekithos 'egg yolk' by Theodore Nicolas Gobley, a French chemist and pharmacist of the mid-19th century, who applied it to the egg yolk phosphatidylcholine that he identified in 1847. Gobley eventually completely described his lecithin from chemical structural point of view, in 1874.
As the most phosphorylated natural protein, phosvitin contains 123 phosphoserine residues accounting for 56.7% of its total 217 amino acid residues. [3] [8] The structure of phosvitin at large consists of 4-12 base pair stretches of serines, interspersed with amino acid residues lysine (6.9%), histidine (6.0%), and arginine (5.1%), among others in smaller quantities. [9]
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Phospholipids are one of the components of lecithin, which is found in egg yolks, as well as being extracted from soybeans, and is used as a food additive in many products and can be purchased as a dietary supplement. Lysolecithins are typically used for water–oil emulsions like margarine, due to their higher HLB ratio. [citation needed]
Advocaat (/ ˈ æ d v ə k ɑː / ⓘ AD-və-kah, Dutch: [ɑtfoːˈkaːt] ⓘ) or advocatenborrel is a traditional Dutch alcoholic beverage made from eggs, sugar, and brandy. [1] The rich and creamy drink has a smooth, custard-like consistency.
Vitellogenin provides the major egg yolk protein that is a source of nutrients during early development of egg-laying vertebrates and invertebrates.Although vitellogenin also carries some lipid for deposition in the yolk, the primary mechanism for deposition of yolk lipid is instead via VLDLs, at least in birds and reptiles. [4]