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Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood serum. [5] The normal range of blood calcium is typically between 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L), while levels less than 2.1 mmol/L are defined as hypocalcemic.
Vitamin D related hypocalcemia may be associated with a lack of vitamin D in the diet, a lack of sufficient UV exposure, or disturbances in renal function. Low vitamin D in the body can lead to a lack of calcium absorption and secondary hyperparathyroidism (hypocalcemia and raised parathyroid hormone). [1]
As potassium levels get higher, individuals may begin to experience nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. [3] Patients with severe hyperkalemia, defined by levels above 7 mEq/L, may experience muscle cramps, numbness, tingling, absence of reflexes, and paralysis. [3] [14] Patients may experience arrhythmias that can result in death. [3] [14]
For women under 50 and men under 65 with obesity for 10 years or more, the researchers reported that: There was a 25% to 60% increase in the risk of heart attack and stroke.
The plasma total calcium concentration is in the range of 2.2–2.6 mmol/L (9–10.5 mg/dL), and the normal ionized calcium is 1.3–1.5 mmol/L (4.5–5.6 mg/dL). [4] The amount of total calcium in the blood varies with the level of plasma albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma, and therefore the main carrier of protein-bound calcium in the blood.
That’s according to a just-released report revealing the top 10 causes of death from 2019 to 2023, which also shows the impact COVID has made over the past few years and where things stand now.
Stroke was the second most frequent cause of death worldwide in 2011, accounting for 6.2 million deaths (~11% of the total). [34] Stroke could occur at any age, including in childhood, the risk of stroke increases exponentially from 30 years of age, and the cause varies by age. [ 35 ]
A new study suggests that acetaminophen, also known as Tylenol, can cause complications in some people over age 65. Drs. Marc Siegel and Macie Smith comment on the findings.