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Connectionism attempts to model the cognitive language processing of the human brain, using computer architectures that make associations between elements of language, based on frequency of co-occurrence in the language input. [26] Frequency has been found to be a factor in various linguistic domains of language learning. [27]
Hans-Jörg Schmid’s "Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization" Model offers a comprehensive recent summary approach to usage-based thinking. [19] In great detail and with reference to many sub-disciplines and concepts in linguistics he shows how usage mediates between entrenchment, the establishment of linguistic habits in individuals via repetition and associations, and conventionalization, a ...
These theories conceive of second-language acquisition as being learned in the same way as any other skill, such as learning to drive a car or play the piano. That is, they see practice as the key ingredient of language acquisition. The most well-known of these theories is based on John Anderson's adaptive control of thought model. [1]
Language learning involves formal instruction and, according to Krashen, is less effective than acquisition. [6] Learning in this sense is conception or conceptualisation: instead of learning a language itself, students learn an abstract, conceptual model of a language, a "theory" about a language (a grammar).
This puts them in direct contrast with linguistic theories, which posit that language acquisition uses a unique process different from other types of learning. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] The dominant model in cognitive approaches to second-language acquisition, and indeed in all second-language acquisition research, is the computational model. [ 31 ]
Unfortunately, this often perpetuates linguistic stereotypes that can sometimes be discriminatory to speakers of nonstandard language varieties. [1] Another issue is that the curriculum for teachers is already very broad, especially in comparison to other college students, so requiring further courses for would-be teachers is rather unpopular.
In second-language acquisition, the acculturation model is a theory proposed by John Schumann to describe the acquisition process of a second language (L2) by members of ethnic minorities [1] that typically include immigrants, migrant workers, or the children of such groups. [2]
Some linguistics conferences and journals are focussed on a specific theory of language, while others disseminate a variety of views. [9] Like in other human and social sciences, theories in linguistics can be divided into humanistic and sociobiological approaches. [10]