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  2. Variance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance

    Firstly, if the true population mean is unknown, then the sample variance (which uses the sample mean in place of the true mean) is a biased estimator: it underestimates the variance by a factor of (n − 1) / n; correcting this factor, resulting in the sum of squared deviations about the sample mean divided by n-1 instead of n, is called ...

  3. Sampling distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_distribution

    In statistics, a sampling distribution or finite-sample distribution is the probability distribution of a given random-sample-based statistic.For an arbitrarily large number of samples where each sample, involving multiple observations (data points), is separately used to compute one value of a statistic (for example, the sample mean or sample variance) per sample, the sampling distribution is ...

  4. Population proportion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Proportion

    For example, the 2010 United States Census showed that 83.7% of the American population was identified as not being Hispanic or Latino; the value of .837 is a population proportion. In general, the population proportion and other population parameters are unknown. A population proportion is usually estimated through an unbiased sample statistic ...

  5. Bias of an estimator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator

    The sample mean, on the other hand, is an unbiased [5] estimator of the population mean μ. [3] Note that the usual definition of sample variance is = = (¯), and this is an unbiased estimator of the population variance.

  6. Sample mean and covariance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_mean_and_covariance

    For a random sample of N observations on the j th random variable, the sample mean's distribution itself has mean equal to the population mean () and variance equal to /, where is the population variance. The arithmetic mean of a population, or population mean, is often denoted μ. [2]

  7. Z-test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-test

    A t-test can be used to account for the uncertainty in the sample variance when the data are exactly normal. Difference between Z-test and t-test: Z-test is used when sample size is large (n>50), or the population variance is known. t-test is used when sample size is small (n<50) and population variance is unknown.

  8. Stratified sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified_sampling

    Proportionate allocation uses a sampling fraction in each of the strata that are proportional to that of the total population. For instance, if the population consists of n total individuals, m of which are male and f female (and where m + f = n), then the relative size of the two samples (x 1 = m/n males, x 2 = f/n females) should reflect this proportion.

  9. Sample size determination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size_determination

    The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample. In practice, the sample size used in a study is usually determined based on the cost, time, or convenience of collecting the data, and the need for it to offer sufficient statistical power. In complex studies ...