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A letter of marque and reprisal (French: lettre de marque; lettre de course) was a government license in the Age of Sail that authorized a private person, known as a privateer or corsair, to attack and capture vessels of a foreign state at war with the issuer, licensing international military operations against a specified enemy as reprisal for a previous attack or injury.
The holders of letters of marque were also required to be the actual owners of the ships; this was to discourage speculation in the letters. [11] CSS Mananass {1904 drawing} An anomalous feature of the legislation governing Confederate privateering was that it allowed attacking enemy warships.
After the attack, King Charles I of England issued letters of marque to the Providence Island Company on 21 December 1635 authorizing raids on the Spanish in retaliation for a raid that had destroyed the English colony on Tortuga earlier in 1635 (Tortuga had come under the protection of the Providence Island Company. In 1635 a Spanish fleet ...
Although not French Navy personnel, corsairs were considered legitimate combatants in France (and allied nations), provided the commanding officer of the vessel was in possession of a valid letter of marque (lettre de marque or lettre de course, the latter giving corsairs their name), and the officers and crew conducted themselves according to ...
An example of reprisal is the Naulila dispute between Portugal and Germany in October 1914, when they were on opposite sides of the World War I chasm. After three Germans were mistakenly killed in Naulila on the border of the then-Portuguese colony of Angola (in a manner that did not violate international law), [6] Germany carried out a military raid on Naulila, destroying property in retaliation.
Just Words is a word game for one or two players where you scores points by making new words using singularly lettered tiles on a board, bringing you the classic SCRABBLE experience, but with a twist!
As used in this context, Marque is of likely German derivation meaning "border" and a letter of marque and reprisal would involve crossing over an international border to effect a reprisal (some action taken against an attack or injury) to offer authorization by the issuing jurisdiction to conduct reprisal operations outside it's borders.
Piracy in Scotland dates back to the presence of Viking pirates in Scotland in 617. [1] The main difference between pirates and privateers is that privateers were given a permit by their sovereign country, which pardoned them from all legal actions taken against pirates. [2]