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Symptoms usually include one or more of the following: orthopnea (difficulty breathing while lying flat), dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion, pitting edema (swelling), cough, frequent night-time urination, excessive weight gain during the last month of pregnancy (1-2+ kg/week; two to four or more pounds per week), palpitations (sensation of racing heart-rate, skipping beats, long pauses ...
A study found that CTG monitoring didn't significantly improve or worsen the outcome, in terms of preventable child death, post birth mortality, of pregnancy for high risk mothers. But the evidence examined in the study is quite old and there have been significant changes in medical care since then.
The study is based on the link between routinely-collected data (e.g. from the UK National Health Service and the Department for Education) and the results from POP study in order to determine which pregnancy parameters could predict a high risk of health or developmental problems. Using the existing and follow-up data collected during the POP ...
It can be performed as early as 65 and 69 days from fertilization (week 12 of gestational age), where it gives a result in 90% of cases – a result that is correct in approximately 3 ⁄ 4 of cases, according to a study from 2001. [3] Accuracy for males is approximately 50% and for females almost 100%. When performed later, after 70 days from ...
A study conducted by Gill et al. found an association of advanced maternal age >40 and birth defects such as cardiac issues, esophageal atresia, hypospadias, and craniosynostosis. [36] Lastly, studies have reported that pregnant women over 35 also have increased risk for premature birth and babies with low birth weight. [1] [33]
The mean pregnancy length has been estimated to be 283.4 days of gestational age as timed from the first day of the last menstrual period and 280.6 days when retrospectively estimated by obstetric ultrasound measurement of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) in the second trimester. [12]
This image depicts how the hormone hCG, produced by pregnant women's placentas, is detected in urine pregnancy tests to indicate a positive result. Identified in the early 20th century, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone that rises quickly in the first few weeks of pregnancy, typically reaching a peak at 8- to 10-weeks ...
The other 96% of the women who are told they are "high-risk" find out that their pregnancy is normal. [citation needed] By comparison, in the same 4000 women, a screening test that has a 99% sensitivity and a 0.5% false positive rate would detect all 10 positives while telling 20 normal women that they are positive.