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The periareolar glands of Montgomery in the breast are also called Montgomery tubercles or Morgagni tubercles. These periareolar glands are small, papular tissue projections at the edge of the areola (nipple).Obstruction of the Montgomery tubercles may result in an acute inflammation, a clear or light brownish fluid may drain out of the areola (nipple discharge), and an subareolar mass may ...
Like the triple test score, BI-RADS (breast imaging-reporting and data system) uses a similar method of scoring breast imaging reports to help with evaluating and determining treatment for breast masses. [8] Like the triple test score, BI-RADS employs a numerical scoring system to determine whether a mass is benign or malignant.
A breast mass, also known as a breast lump, is a localized swelling that feels different from the surrounding tissue. [1] Breast pain , nipple discharge , or skin changes may be present. [ 1 ] Concerning findings include masses that are hard, do not move easily, are of an irregular shape, or are firmly attached to surrounding tissue.
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
The Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) is a quality assurance tool originally designed for use with mammography.The system is a collaborative effort of many health groups but is published and trademarked by the American College of Radiology (ACR).
Breast density is assessed by mammography and expressed as a percentage of the mammogram occupied by radiologically dense tissue (percent mammographic density or PMD). [23] About half of middle-aged women have dense breasts, and breasts generally become less dense as they age. Higher breast density is an independent risk factor for breast cancer.
Breast ultrasound is another technology employed in diagnosis and screening that can help differentiate between fluid filled and solid lesions, an important factor to determine if a lesion may be cancerous. [2] Breast MRI is a technology typically reserved for high-risk patients and patients recently diagnosed with breast cancer. [3]
The authors of this Cochrane review write: "If we assume that screening reduces breast cancer mortality by 15% and that overdiagnosis and over-treatment is at 30%, it means that for every 2,000 women invited for screening throughout 10 years, one will avoid dying of breast cancer and 10 healthy women, who would not have been diagnosed if there ...