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Paxilline is a toxic, tremorgenic diterpene indole polycyclic alkaloid molecule produced by Penicillium paxilli which was first characterized in 1975. [1] [2] Paxilline is one of a class of tremorigenic mycotoxins, is a potassium channel blocker, and is potentially genotoxic.
Fumonisins were the most recent mycotoxin found to affect humans and animals negatively. The most produced toxin for this group of fungi is fumonisin B1. [2] Studies have shown that it can cause diseases such as equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses, hydrothorax and porcine pulmonary edema in swine, and it can negatively affect the immune system.
There were outbreaks of dog food containing aflatoxin in North America in late 2005 and early 2006, [38] and again in late 2011. [39] Mycotoxins in animal fodder, particularly silage, can decrease the performance of farm animals and potentially kill them. [40] [4] Several mycotoxins reduce milk yield when ingested by dairy cattle. [40]
Foodborne illness (also known as foodborne disease and food poisoning) [1] is any illness resulting from the contamination of food by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites, [2] as well as prions (the agents of mad cow disease), and toxins such as aflatoxins in peanuts, poisonous mushrooms, and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes.
There appears to be a genetic basis for the disease. [85] Discoid lupus erythematosus is an uncommon autoimmune disease of the skin in dogs. It does not progress to systemic lupus erythematosus in dogs. The most common initial symptom is scaling and loss of pigment on the nose. [34]
Biosynthesis pathway of fumitremorgin pathway involves several different enzymes. FtmA is a nonribosomal peptide synthase. Both FtmB and FtmH are prenyltransferase.Three different cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in the biosynthesis of furmitremorgin C are FtmC, FtmE, and FtmG.
Average annual premiums for pet insurance are approximately $676 for dogs and $383 for cats, while an exam and treatment at an emergency vet may cost several thousand dollars. How do claims affect ...
The Toxin and Toxin-Target Database (T3DB), [1] [2] also known as the Toxic Exposome Database, is a freely accessible online database of common substances that are toxic to humans, along with their protein, DNA or organ targets. The database currently houses nearly 3,700 toxic compounds or poisons described by nearly 42,000 synonyms.