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The ideas of teaching machines and programmed learning provided the basis for later ideas such as open learning and computer-assisted instruction. Illustrations of early teaching machines can be found in the 1960 sourcebook, Teaching Machines and Programmed Learning. [12] An "Autotutor" was demonstrated at the 1964 World's Fair. [13]
Skinner, who was responsible for bringing the whole subject into popular view, acknowledged Pressey's work in his 1958 paper on teaching machines. [15] [16] Sidney was displeased by the “crass commercialization” of teaching machines. He objected to this use of teaching machines feeling they had a lack of questioning about basic theory.
Teaching Machines Inc, a group of psychologists produced a series of programmed learning texts. The texts were based on the work of B.F. Skinner, breaking complicated tasks to a one-step-at-a-time activity (terminal learning objectives). Grolier and TMI marketed Min-Max (a teaching machine) with machine programs and programmed text books. [18]
The concept of intelligent machines for instructional use date back as early as 1924, when Sidney Pressey of Ohio State University created a mechanical teaching machine to instruct students without a human teacher. [5] [6] His machine resembled closely a typewriter with several keys and a window that provided the learner with questions. The ...
The learning material is in a kind of textbook or teaching machine or computer. The medium presents the material in a logical and tested sequence. The text is in small steps or larger chunks. After each step, learners are given a question to test their comprehension. Then immediately the correct answer is shown.
The recent article, "Shift Happens: Online Education as a New Paradigm in Learning", Linda Harasim covers an overview of the history of online education as well as a framework for understanding the type of need it addresses. The concept of distance learning has already been invented for many centuries.
PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations), [1] [2] also known as Project Plato [3] and Project PLATO, was the first generalized computer-assisted instruction system. Starting in 1960, it ran on the University of Illinois 's ILLIAC I computer.
Teaching machines and programmed learning I: a source book. Washington D.C. National Education Association. Glaser R. (ed) 1962. Training research and education. New York: Columbia University Press, and 1965: Science Editions, Wiley. Glaser R. (ed) 1965. Teaching machines and programmed learning II: data and directions. Washington D.C. National ...