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The Maternal Outcomes and Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (MONEAD) study showed that most blood concentrations in breastfed infants of mothers taking carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, valproate, levetiracetam, and topiramate were quite low, especially in relationship to the mother's level and what the fetal level would have been ...
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most birth defects are believed to be caused by a complex mix of factors including genetics, environment, and behaviors, [13] though many birth defects have no known cause. An example of a birth defect is cleft palate, which occurs during the fourth through seventh weeks of ...
The embryogenesis is the most crucial time for the action of any teratogenic substances resulting in birth defects. Certain pathogens are also included since the toxins they secrete are known to cause adverse effects on the development of the organism when the mother or fetus is infected.
The above statistics do not apply if a person has a known genetic cause of their epilepsy. In those cases, the risks of passing on epilepsy to a child may be significantly higher. Some indications that epilepsy may have a genetic cause are: Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH), a brain abnormality present in some individuals with epilepsy
CMV, a common virus, that can be asymptomatic can cause birth defects, deaths when babies are born with it. No vaccine yet. Awareness and prevention are best.
Topiramate can cause birth defects, including cleft lip and palate. [12] Risks/benefits should be carefully discussed with the full treatment team. Topiramate is considered "probably compatible" with lactation and is not contraindicated for breastfeeding, though monitoring of the infant for diarrhea or poor weight gain may be considered.
Some medications are associated with birth defects when used in pregnancy. [106] Many of the common used medications, such as valproate, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and gabapentin have been reported to cause increased risk of birth defects, [158] especially when used during the first trimester. [159]
Fetal hydantoin syndrome, also called fetal dilantin syndrome, is a group of defects caused to the developing fetus by exposure to teratogenic effects of phenytoin. Dilantin is the brand name of the drug phenytoin sodium in the United States, commonly used in the treatment of epilepsy .