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Semi-solid metal casting (SSM) is a near net shape variant of die casting. [1] The process is used today with non-ferrous metals, such as aluminium, copper, [2] and magnesium. It can work with higher temperature alloys that lack suitable die materials. The process combines the advantages of casting and forging.
There are four types of materials available: O-1 tool steel, A-2 tool steel, A-6 tool steel, and 1018 steel (low-carbon or low-carb steel). Lengths are either 18 or 36 in (457 or 914 mm) long, various widths up to 16 in (406 mm) are available, and thicknesses range from 1 ⁄ 64 to 2.875 in (0.40 to 73.03 mm).
This process is expensive, is usually limited to small casting, and presents some difficulties where cores are involved. Holes cannot be smaller than 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) and should be no deeper than about 1.5 times the diameter. [17] Investment castings require longer production cycles compared to other casting processes.
Steel castings are used when iron castings cannot deliver enough strength or shock resistance. [1] Examples of items that are steel castings include: hydroelectric turbine wheels, forging presses, gears, railroad truck frames, valve bodies, pump casings, mining machinery, marine equipment, turbocharger turbines and engine cylinder blocks. [1]
In the era of commercial wrought iron, blooms were slag-riddled iron castings poured in a bloomery before being worked into wrought iron. In the era of commercial steel, blooms are intermediate-stage pieces of steel produced by a first pass of rolling (in a blooming mill) that works the ingots down to a smaller cross-sectional area, but still greater than 36 in 2 (230 cm 2). [1]
The Giga Press program is a series of aluminium die casting machines manufactured for Tesla, initially by Idra Group in Italy. Idra presses were the largest high-pressure die casting machines in production as of 2020, with a clamping force of 55,000 to 61,000 kilonewtons (5,600 to 6,200 tf).
Schrade Cutlery [47] and Spyderco use 154CM, 440C, D2, S30V, S60V and S90V steel, [48] [49] [50] and Ernest Emerson's knives are hard-ground from differentially heat-treated A2 tool steel. [51] Emerson Knives machines blades from 154CM steel, [ citation needed ] and Mike Snody uses A2, S35V , 154CM and 440C steels.
These prices are more an indication than an actual exchange price. Unlike the prices on an exchange, pricing providers tend to give a weekly or bi-weekly price. For each commodity they quote a range (low and high price) which reflect the buying and selling about 9-fold due to China's transition from light to heavy industry and its focus on ...