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The following is a list of websites, separated by owner or disinformation campaign, that have both been considered by journalists and researchers as distributing false news - or otherwise participating in disinformation - and have been designated by journalists and researchers as likely being linked to political actors based in Russia.
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union used propaganda and disinformation as "active measures...against the populations of Western nations".[11]: 51 During the administration of Boris Yeltsin, the first President of Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, "disinformation" was discussed in the Russian media and by Russian politicians in relation to the disinformation of the Soviet era ...
Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire.Some of these sites use homograph spoofing attacks, typosquatting and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in phishing attacks to resemble genuine news outlets.
An American websites with focus on "political bias" and "factual reporting". [222] [223].Metabunk: A discussion forum setup by Mick West that covers such topics as pseudoscience, UFOs and the paranormal. The website also includes a forum, "Skydentify", where West invites people to send photos and videos of UFOs and supposed ghosts. NPR Fact Check.
This is a list of miscellaneous fake news websites that don't fit into any of the other fake news website lists such as these lists of: fake news website campaigns by individuals, corporate disinformation website campaigns, fraudulent fact-checking websites, fake news websites based on generative AI, hate group-sponsored fake news websites,
The following is a list of websites, separated by country and sub-categorized by region or disinformation campaign, that have both been considered by journalists and researchers as distributing false news - or otherwise participating in disinformation - and have been designated by journalists and researchers as likely being linked to political actors.
Targalski observed there existed about 20 specific fake news websites in Poland which spread Russian disinformation in the form of fake news. [176] One example cited was the false claim that Ukraine had claimed that the Polish city of Przemyśl was occupied by Poland. [176]
The Shorenstein Center at Harvard University defines disinformation research as an academic field that studies "the spread and impacts of misinformation, disinformation, and media manipulation," including "how it spreads through online and offline channels, and why people are susceptible to believing bad information, and successful strategies for mitigating its impact". [23]