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The Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM), or the Malaysian Certificate of Education, is a national examination sat for by all Form 5 secondary school students in Malaysia.It is the equivalent of the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) of England, Wales and Northern Ireland; the Nationals 4/5 of Scotland; and the GCE Ordinary Level (O Level) of the Commonwealth of Nations.
The grades for school-based assessments, if available, are released with Semester 3 results. Overall results are released shortly after the release of Repeat 1, Repeat 2 and Semester 3 results. In the overall results, each subject is graded based on the weighted average marks of all papers in the subject.
In von Neumann's set-theoretic construction of the natural numbers, the number 1 is defined as the singleton {}. In axiomatic set theory , the existence of singletons is a consequence of the axiom of pairing : for any set A , the axiom applied to A and A asserts the existence of { A , A } , {\displaystyle \{A,A\},} which is the same as the ...