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The degree of meandering of the channel of a river, stream, or other watercourse is measured by its sinuosity. The sinuosity of a watercourse is the ratio of the length of the channel to the straight line down-valley distance. Streams or rivers with a single channel and sinuosities of 1.5 or more are defined as meandering streams or rivers. [1] [3]
Klepáč – one of six places in Europe where three watersheds meet Rhine–Danube watershed marker near Weitnau, Germany European watershed marker (Lviv Oblast, 2009). The divide continues northwards along the Albula Alps to Julier Pass, Albula Pass and Flüela Pass south of Davos, between the catchment area of the Rhine, which empties into the North Sea via the Netherlands, and the Danube ...
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A wide variety of river and stream channel types exist in limnology, the study of inland waters.All these can be divided into two groups by using the water-flow gradient as either low gradient channels for streams or rivers with less than two percent (2%) flow gradient, or high gradient channels for those with greater than a 2% gradient.
The border of Europe and Asia is here defined as from the Kara Sea, along the Ural Mountains and Ural River to the Caspian Sea.While the crest of the Caucasus Mountains is the geographical border with Asia in the south, Georgia, and to a lesser extent Armenia and Azerbaijan, are politically and culturally often associated with Europe; rivers in these countries are therefore included.
Three conventional categorizations of rivers or their reaches exist. Meandering rivers have a sinuosity value/ratio of greater than 1.5. A sinuosity value of less than 1.1 is a “straight” river. Between these values, a river is described as sinuous which describes those in a transitory state between the two states.
Europe as viewed from the East. The 15 rivers of Europe by average discharge, including only rivers directly flowing into the World Ocean or Endorheic basins: Volga - 8,087 m³/s (largest river in Eastern Europe) Danube - 6,450 m³/s (largest river in Central Europe) Pechora - 4,380m³/s; Northern Dvina - 3,330m³/s; Neva - 2,490 m³/s
Near Krefeld, the river crosses the Uerdingen line, the line which separates the areas where Low German and High German are spoken. The Rhine River is crossed by several ferries, including the one between Bad Honnef and Rolandseck, where the Lohfelderfähre district is situated. Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution.