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The middle turbinates insert anteriorly into the frontal process of the maxilla and posteriorly into the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. [1] There are three mutually perpendicular segments of the middle turbinate: from proximal to distal, there is the horizontal segment ( axial plane ), the basal lamella ( coronal plane ), and the ...
The conchae are located laterally in the nasal cavities, curling medially and downward into the nasal airway. Each pair is composed of one concha in either side of the nasal cavity, divided by the septum. [4] The superior conchae are smaller structures, connected to the middle conchae by nerve-endings, and serve to protect the olfactory bulb.
Below each concha is a corresponding superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatus, or passage. [1] Sometimes when the superior concha is narrow, a fourth supreme nasal concha is present situated above and sharing the space with the superior concha. [22]
Below, and in front of the superior meatus, is the convex surface of the middle nasal concha; it extends along the whole length of the medial surface of the labyrinth, and its lower margin is free and thick. The lateral surface of the middle concha is concave, and assists in forming the middle meatus of the nose.
The middle meatus is the middle-sized and located nasal opening, lying underneath the middle concha and above the inferior concha where the meatus extends along its length. On it is a curved fissure, the hiatus semilunaris, limited below by the edge of the uncinate process of the ethmoid and above by an elevation named the bulla ethmoidalis ...
The basal lamella is continuous medially with the bony middle nasal concha. [7] Anteriorly, it vertically inserts into the ethmoid crest; the middle part attaches obliquely into the orbital lamina of ethmoid bone (lamina papyricea) while the posterior part attaches into the orbital lamina horizontally. [5]
Olfactory mucosa lines about 5cm 2 of the posterosuperior parts of the lateral nasal wall. Parts of the nasal cavity lined by olfactory mucosa include: parts of the roof of the nasal cavity, the superior nasal concha and some upper parts of the middle nasal concha, parts of the nasal septum, and the sphenoethmoidal recess.
The uncinate process can be attached to either the lateral nasal wall, on the lamina papyracea (50%), the anterior cranial fossa, on the ethmoidal roof (25%), or the middle concha (25%). The superior attachment of the uncinate process determines the drainage pattern of the frontal sinus.