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In anatomy, the axis (from Latin axis, "axle") is the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine, immediately inferior to the atlas, upon which the head rests. The spinal cord passes through the axis. The defining feature of the axis is its strong bony protrusion known as the dens, which rises from the superior aspect of the bone.
All dogs (and all living Canidae - wolves, foxes, and wild dogs) possess a similar ligament connecting the spinous process of their first thoracic (or chest) vertebrae to the back of the axis bone (second cervical or neck bone), which supports the weight of the head without active muscle exertion, thus saving energy. [8]
The cervical enlargement corresponds with the attachments of the large nerves which supply the upper limbs. Located just above the brachial plexus , it extends from about the fifth cervical to the first thoracic vertebra , its maximum circumference (about 38 mm.) being on a level with the attachment of the sixth pair of cervical nerves .
Cervical vertebral maturation method. Estimating the bone age of a living child is typically performed by comparing images of their bones to images of models of the average skeleton for a given age and sex acquired from healthy children and compiled in an atlas. [4]
The articular process or zygapophysis (Greek: ζυγόν, romanized: zugón, lit. 'yoke' + apophysis) of a vertebra is a projection of the vertebra that serves the purpose of fitting with an adjacent vertebra.
However, the cervical spine is comparatively mobile, and some component of this movement is due to flexion and extension of the vertebral column itself. This movement between the atlas and occipital bone is often referred to as the "yes joint", owing to its nature of being able to move the head in an up-and-down fashion.
The cervical plexus is situated deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, internal jugular vein, and deep cervical fascia. [ 1 ] It is situated anterior to the middle scalene muscle , and levator scapulae muscle .
The cervical spinal nerve 2 (C2) is a spinal nerve of the cervical segment. [1] It is a part of the ansa cervicalis along with the C1 and C3 nerves sometimes forming part of superior root of the ansa cervicalis. [2] it also connects into the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis with the C3. [2]