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In quantum mechanics, wave function collapse, also called reduction of the state vector, [1] occurs when a wave function—initially in a superposition of several eigenstates—reduces to a single eigenstate due to interaction with the external world.
In all collapse models, the noise effect must prevent quantum mechanical linearity and unitarity and thus cannot be described within quantum-mechanics. [ 21 ] : 423 Because the noise responsible for the collapse induces Brownian motion on each constituent of a physical system, energy is not conserved.
Quantum mechanics has two fundamentally different dynamical principles: the linear and deterministic Schrödinger equation, and the nonlinear and stochastic wave packet reduction postulate. The orthodox interpretation, or Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, posits a wave function collapse every time an observer performs a ...
Quantum superposition is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics that states that linear combinations of solutions to the Schrödinger equation are also solutions of the Schrödinger equation. This follows from the fact that the Schrödinger equation is a linear differential equation in time and position.
The rules of quantum mechanics are correct but there is only one system which may be treated with quantum mechanics, namely the entire material world. There exist external observers which cannot be treated within quantum mechanics, namely human (and perhaps animal) minds, which perform measurements on the brain causing wave function collapse.
In quantum mechanics, the measurement problem is the problem of definite outcomes: quantum systems have superpositions but quantum measurements only give one definite result. [1] [2] The wave function in quantum mechanics evolves deterministically according to the Schrödinger equation as a linear superposition of different states. However ...
The CSL dynamical equation for the wave function is stochastic and non-linear: | = [^ + ^ () ^ ^ ()] | . Here ^ is the Hamiltonian describing the quantum mechanical dynamics, is a reference mass taken equal to that of a nucleon, () = /, and the noise field () = / has zero average and correlation equal to [() ()] = (), where [ ] denotes the stochastic average over the noise.
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics can describe many systems that classical physics cannot.