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  2. Punnett square - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square

    The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach in 1905. [3][4][5][6][7][8] The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.

  3. Hardy–Weinberg principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy–Weinberg_principle

    Punnett square for three-allele case (left) and four-allele case (right). White areas are homozygotes. Colored areas are heterozygotes. Consider an extra allele frequency, r. The two-allele case is the binomial expansion of (p + q) 2, and thus the three-allele case is the trinomial expansion of (p + q + r) 2.

  4. Binomial distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_distribution

    Suppose one wishes to calculate Pr(X ≤ 8) for a binomial random variable X. If Y has a distribution given by the normal approximation, then Pr( X ≤ 8) is approximated by Pr( Y ≤ 8.5) . The addition of 0.5 is the continuity correction; the uncorrected normal approximation gives considerably less accurate results.

  5. Mendelian inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance

    e. Mendelian inheritance (also known as Mendelism) is a type of biological inheritance following the principles originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866, re-discovered in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns, and later popularized by William Bateson. [1] These principles were initially controversial.

  6. Reginald Punnett - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Punnett

    Reginald Punnett. Reginald Crundall Punnett FRS (/ ˈpʌnɪt /; 20 June 1875 – 3 January 1967) [1][2][3][4][5] was a British geneticist who co-founded, with William Bateson, the Journal of Genetics in 1910. Punnett is probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a tool still used by biologists to predict the ...

  7. Test cross - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cross

    Test cross types. A test cross involves crossing an individual organism with a dominant genotype or phenotype with another organism exhibiting a recessive genotype or phenotype. To better grasp the concept of test crossing, let's explore various types of crosses involving one or more genes of interest.

  8. Probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability

    Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. [note 1][1][2] A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin.

  9. Karnaugh map - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaugh_map

    The brown region is an overlap of the red 2×2 square and the green 4×1 rectangle. The K-map for the inverse of f is shown as gray rectangles, which correspond to maxterms. Once the Karnaugh map has been constructed and the adjacent 1s linked by rectangular and square boxes, the algebraic minterms can be found by examining which variables stay ...