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Johnston was born in San José de Mayo, Uruguay. [3] [4] His father, Fowell Buxton Johnston (born 1839), was an officer in the 3rd Dragoon Guards, and the younger son of Scottish MP Andrew Johnston [5] and his second wife, abolitionist Priscilla Buxton, [6] daughter of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, 1st Baronet.
The word evolution (from the Latin evolutio, meaning "to unroll like a scroll") was initially used to refer to embryological development; its first use in relation to development of species came in 1762, when Charles Bonnet used it for his concept of "pre-formation," in which females carried a miniature form of all future generations. The term ...
Among Burt's numerous inventions were the typographer in 1829, which was a predecessor to the typewriter. [3] He also invented the solar compass , a surveying tool used in the Michigan Survey , employed in regions which had an abundance of minerals that would interfere with accurate readings when using ordinary instruments.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 28 December 2024. Art of arranging type "Typographer" redirects here. For the typewriter, see Typographer (typewriter). Not to be confused with Type design, Topography, Typology, or Topology. A specimen sheet of the Trajan typeface, which is based on the letter forms of capitalis monumentalis or Roman ...
Charles Darwin in 1868. Darwinism is a term used to describe a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others. The theory states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. [1] [2] It occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection and genetic drift act on genetic variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more or less common within a population over successive generations. [3]
He invented new terms, including ontogeny and phylogeny, to present his evolutionised recapitulation theory that "ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny". The two massive volumes sold poorly, and were heavy going: with his limited understanding of German, Darwin found them impossible to read.
Professor of biology Jerry Coyne sums up biological evolution succinctly: [3]. Life on Earth evolved gradually beginning with one primitive species – perhaps a self-replicating molecule – that lived more than 3.5 billion years ago; it then branched out over time, throwing off many new and diverse species; and the mechanism for most (but not all) of evolutionary change is natural selection.