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More precisely, let f be a function from a complex curve M to the complex numbers. This function is holomorphic (resp. meromorphic) in a neighbourhood of a point z of M if there is a chart ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } such that f ∘ ϕ − 1 {\displaystyle f\circ \phi ^{-1}} is holomorphic (resp. meromorphic) in a neighbourhood of ϕ ( z ...
A complex valued function is conjugate symmetric if and only if its real part is an even function and its imaginary part is an odd function. A typical example of a conjugate symmetric function is the cis function = + Conjugate antisymmetry: A complex-valued function of a real argument : is called conjugate antisymmetric if:
In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex number is the number with an equal real part and an imaginary part equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. That is, if a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are real numbers, then the complex conjugate of a + b i {\displaystyle a+bi} is a − b i . {\displaystyle a-bi.}
More precisely, the fundamental theorem of algebra asserts that every non-constant polynomial equation with real or complex coefficients has a solution which is a complex number. For example, the equation (+) = has no real solution, because the square of a real number cannot be negative, but has the two nonreal complex solutions + and .
For example, (+ /) converges to the exponential function , and the infinite sum = ()! turns out to equal the hyperbolic cosine function . In fact, it is impossible to define any transcendental function in terms of algebraic functions without using some such "limiting procedure" (integrals, sequential limits, and infinite sums are just a few).
Sigma function: Sums of powers of divisors of a given natural number. Euler's totient function: Number of numbers coprime to (and not bigger than) a given one. Prime-counting function: Number of primes less than or equal to a given number. Partition function: Order-independent count of ways to write a given positive integer as a sum of positive ...
The point is a pole or non-essential singularity of if there exists a holomorphic function defined on with () nonzero, and a natural number such that () = () for all in {}. The least such number n {\displaystyle n} is called the order of the pole .
cis is a mathematical notation defined by cis x = cos x + i sin x, [nb 1] where cos is the cosine function, i is the imaginary unit and sin is the sine function. x is the argument of the complex number (angle between line to point and x-axis in polar form). The notation is less commonly used in mathematics than Euler's formula, e ix, which ...