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  2. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    The notion of normal distribution, being one of the most important distributions in probability theory, has been extended far beyond the standard framework of the univariate (that is one-dimensional) case (Case 1). All these extensions are also called normal or Gaussian laws, so a certain ambiguity in names exists.

  3. Characteristic function (probability theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_function...

    a function of t, determines the behavior and properties of the probability distribution of X. It is equivalent to a probability density function or cumulative distribution function, since knowing one of these functions allows computation of the others, but they provide different insights into the features of the random variable. In particular ...

  4. Error function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function

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  5. Generalized normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_normal...

    If the tail behavior is the main interest, the student t family can be used, which approximates the normal distribution as the degrees of freedom grows to infinity. The t distribution, unlike this generalized normal distribution, obtains heavier than normal tails without acquiring a cusp at the origin.

  6. Runge's phenomenon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runge's_phenomenon

    Consider the case where one desires to interpolate through n+1 equispaced points of a function f(x) using the n-degree polynomial P n (x) that passes through those points. Naturally, one might expect from Weierstrass' theorem that using more points would lead to a more accurate reconstruction of f ( x ).

  7. Renewal theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewal_theory

    Renewal theory is the branch of probability theory that generalizes the Poisson process for arbitrary holding times. Instead of exponentially distributed holding times, a renewal process may have any independent and identically distributed (IID) holding times that have finite mean.

  8. Probability density function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function

    In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), density function, or density of an absolutely continuous random variable, is a function whose value at any given sample (or point) in the sample space (the set of possible values taken by the random variable) can be interpreted as providing a relative likelihood that the value of the ...

  9. Gaussian function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_function

    The convolution of a function with a Gaussian is also known as a Weierstrass transform. A Gaussian function is the wave function of the ground state of the quantum harmonic oscillator. The molecular orbitals used in computational chemistry can be linear combinations of Gaussian functions called Gaussian orbitals (see also basis set (chemistry)).