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  2. Retrolisthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrolisthesis

    These cannot be determined by plain films, as the x-ray passes through the soft tissue. A study by Giles et al., stated that sixteen of the thirty patients (53%) had retrolisthesis of L5 on S1 ranging from 2–9 mm; these patients had either intervertebral disc bulging or protrusion on CT examination ranging from 3–7 mm into the spinal canal.

  3. Disc herniation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_herniation

    A disc herniation or spinal disc herniation is an injury to the intervertebral disc between two vertebrae, usually caused by excessive strain or trauma to the spine. It may result in back pain , pain or sensation in different parts of the body, and physical disability .

  4. Disc protrusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_protrusion

    Spinal disc protrusion visible in MRI [1] A disc protrusion is a medical condition that can occur in some vertebrates, including humans, in which the outermost layers of the anulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs of the spine are intact but bulge when one or more of the discs are under pressure.

  5. Patella fracture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_fracture

    A patella fracture is a break of the kneecap. [1] Symptoms include pain, swelling, and bruising to the front of the knee. [1] A person may also be unable to walk. [1] Complications may include injury to the tibia, femur, or knee ligaments. [2] It typically results from a hard blow to the front of the knee or falling on the knee. [1]

  6. Modic changes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modic_changes

    Since the disc is an avascular structure, it is an ideal environment for the growth of anaerobic bacteria. Propionibacterium acnes bacteria secrete propionic acid, which can dissolve fatty bone marrow and bone. Therefore, it was hypothesized that diffusion of propionic acid from the disc into the vertebrae results in bone oedema, i.e. Modic ...

  7. Spinal cord compression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_compression

    Symptoms suggestive of cord compression are back pain, a dermatome of increased sensation, paralysis of limbs below the level of compression, decreased sensation below the level of compression, urinary and fecal incontinence and/or urinary retention. Lhermitte's sign (intermittent shooting electrical sensation) and hyperreflexia may be present.

  8. Cervical vertebrae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae

    Common patterns of injury include the odontoid fracture and the hangman's fracture, both of which are often treated with immobilization in a cervical collar or halo brace. A common practice is to immobilize a patient's cervical spine to prevent further damage during transport to hospital.

  9. Degenerative disc disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerative_disc_disease

    Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a medical condition typically brought on by the aging process in which there are anatomic changes and possibly a loss of function of one or more intervertebral discs of the spine. [1] DDD can take place with or without symptoms, but is typically identified once symptoms arise.

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