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The coca flour contains cocaine — natural alkaloid and drug of abuse; Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) — "The norepinephrine (NET), the serotonin (SERT), the dopamine (DAT) uptake transporters and MAO activity are inhibited by EGb761 in vitro" [157] St John's Wort — natural product and over-the-counter herbal antidepressant Hyperforin ...
Herbal remedies can also be dangerously contaminated, and herbal medicines without established efficacy, may unknowingly be used to replace prescription medicines. [ 39 ] Standardization of purity and dosage is not mandated in the United States, but even products made to the same specification may differ as a result of biochemical variations ...
In general, the safety and effectiveness of alternative medicines have not been scientifically proven [1] and remain largely unknown. [2] Beyond adverse effects from the herb itself, "adulteration, inappropriate formulation , or lack of understanding of plant and drug interactions have led to adverse reactions that are sometimes life ...
Bottle of ephedrine, an alkaloid found in ephedra. Ephedra is a medicinal preparation from the plant Ephedra sinica. [1] Several additional species belonging to the genus Ephedra have traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a possible candidate for the soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. [2]
In some cases, political issues, mainstream medicine and alternative medicine all collide, such as in cases where synthetic drugs are legal but the herbal sources of the same active chemical are banned. [4] In other cases, controversy over mainstream medicine causes questions about the nature of a treatment, such as water fluoridation. [5]
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Bufotenin, also known as dimethylserotonin or as 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-HO-DMT), is a serotonergic psychedelic of the tryptamine family. It is a derivative of the psychedelic dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT).