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It is focused on a long-term perspective rather than mitigating immediate risks; see, here, treasury management. The exact roles and perimeter around ALM can however vary significantly from one bank (or other financial institution) to another depending on the business model adopted and can encompass a broad area of risks.
As it purports to associate constantly both sides of the balance sheet in the investment process, it has been called a "holistic" investment methodology. In essence, the liability-driven investment strategy ( LDI ) is an investment strategy of a company or individual based on the cash flows needed to fund future liabilities.
The simple model commonly used is the P/E ratio (price-to-earnings ratio). Implicit in this model of a perpetual annuity (time value of money) is that the inverse, or the E/P rate, is the discount rate appropriate to the risk of the business. Usage of the P/E ratio has the disadvantage that it ignores future earnings growth.
Financial risk modeling is the use of formal mathematical and econometric techniques to measure, monitor and control the market risk, credit risk, and operational risk on a firm's balance sheet, on a bank's accounting ledger of tradeable financial assets, or of a fund manager's portfolio value; see Financial risk management.
Some economists believe that making the model as simple as possible is an art form, but the details left out are often contentious. For instance: Market models often exclude externalities such as pollution. Such models are the basis for many environmentalist attacks on mainstream economists.
Different models use different elements based on specific needs and contexts. An individual or an organization may keep parts of the ALM process and outsource the modeling function or adapt the model according to the requirements and capabilities of relevant institutions such as banks, which often have their in-house modeling process. [2]
Collateral management is the method of granting, verifying, and giving advice on collateral transactions in order to reduce credit risk in unsecured financial transactions. The fundamental idea of collateral management is very simple, that is cash or securities are passed from one counterparty to another as security for a credit exposure. [ 9 ]
The term investment management is often used to refer to the management of investment funds, most often specializing in private and public equity, real assets, alternative assets, and/or bonds. The more generic term asset management may refer to management of assets not necessarily primarily held for investment purposes.