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The High Speed 1 tunnel linings incorporated concrete containing 1 kg/m 3 or more of polypropylene fibers, of diameter 18 & 32 μm, giving the benefits noted below. [16] Adding fine diameter polypropylene fibers, not only provides reinforcement in tunnel lining, but also prevents "spalling" and damage of lining in case of fire due to accident. [17]
The fibres used for making the fabric are of high tenacity like jute, glass fibre, Kevlar, polypropylene, polyamides (Nylon) etc. Recently, attention has been given to the use of plant-based fibers (either dispersed or as a fabric) in reinforcement of concrete.
Dry conducted one of the early researches using macroencapsulation, proposing polypropylene and glass fibers with a mono- or multicomponent methyl methacrylate core for healing concrete cracks. [24] The selection of the fibers was prompted by the combination of mechanical strengthening, crack sealing, and a cost-effective encapsulating technique.
This occurrence is hindered by the presence of fiber bridging, a property that most HPFRCCs are specifically designed to possess. Fiber bridging is the act of several fibers exerting a force across the width of a crack in an attempt to prevent the crack from developing further. This capability is what gives bendable concrete its ductile properties.
Polypropylene fibres are used as a concrete additive to increase strength and reduce cracking and spalling. [49] In some areas susceptible to earthquakes (e.g., California), PP fibers are added with soils to improve the soil's strength and damping when constructing the foundation of structures such as buildings, bridges, etc. [ 50 ]
The addition of 1 kg/m 3 of polypropylene fibers to concrete has been shown to reduce spalling during a simulated fire. [44] (The improvement is thought to be due to the formation of pathways out of the bulk of the concrete, allowing steam pressure to dissipate. [44]) Another problem is the effectiveness of shear reinforcement.
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For fiber-reinforced composite, the fiber orientation in material affect anisotropic properties of the structure. From characterizing technique i.e. tensile testing, the material properties were measured based on sample (1-2) coordinate system. The tensors above express stress-strain relationship in (1-2) coordinate system.