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The three basic segments of the typical insect antenna are the scape or scapus (base), the pedicel or pedicellus (stem), and finally the flagellum, which often comprises many units known as flagellomeres. [10] The pedicel (the second segment) contains the Johnston's organ which is a collection of sensory cells. [11]
A tripartite structure is recorded from near the antennae, consisting of elevated walls arranged in a semicircle (likely to enlarge the surface for an excretory organ as in modern crustaceans), a pore representing an opening of the “antennal gland” (the purpose of which is unknown) and a sickle-shaped furrow surrounding this pore.
In Crustacea, the saccate metanephridia are associated with the antennae and form the antennal gland. In freshwater crustacea, the saccate metanephridia are especially large due to their role in osmoregulation; crustacea must remove large amounts of water from the tissues, as the cells are hypertonic to the surrounding water.
The coxal gland is thought to be homologous with the antennal gland of crustaceans. The gland consists of an end sac (saccule), a long duct (labyrinth) and a terminal bladder (reservoir). [2] There is generally only one pair (two in some spiders), and they open on the coxae of the walking legs [1] or at the base of the second antennae in the ...
The antennal Johnston's organ in swarming Diptera (e.g. midges and mosquitos) may contain tens of thousands of scolopophorous sense cells, which are grouped by two's or three's into individual scolopidia. [2] The high number of scolopidia in Johnston's organ provides an evolutionary advantage in acoustically identifying and locating mates.
A shed carapace of a lady crab, part of the hard exoskeleton Body structure of a typical crustacean – krill. The body of a crustacean is composed of segments, which are grouped into three regions: the cephalon or head, [5] the pereon or thorax, [6] and the pleon or abdomen. [7]
A notable number of species have developed special glands that produce chemicals for deterring predators (see Defense and predation). The Ground beetle's (of Carabidae) defensive glands, located at the posterior, produce a variety of hydrocarbons, aldehydes, phenols, quinones, esters, and acids released from an opening at the end of the abdomen.
Histological changes are seen in the gill epithelium, antennal gland, haematopoeitic tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and intestinal epithelial tissue. Infected cells have prominent intranuclear occlusions that initially stain eosinophilic , but become basophilic with age; hypertrophied nuclei with chromatin margination; and ...
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