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Side effects of estradiol acetate include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, nausea, headache, and fluid retention. [7] [5] [6] Estradiol acetate is an estrogen and hence is an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. [8] [9] It is an estrogen ester and a prodrug of estradiol in the body.
Neurodegenerative diseases can disrupt the normal human homeostasis and result in abnormal estrogen levels. For example, neurodegenerative diseases can cause different physiological effects in males and females. In particular, estrogen studies have revealed complex interactions with neurodegenerative diseases.
[23] [24] Estradiol should not be used in women who are pregnant or breastfeeding or who have breast cancer, among other contraindications. [20] Estradiol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. [11]
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Vaginal estrogen is a form of estrogen that is delivered by intravaginal administration. Vaginally administered estrogens are thereby exerting their effects mainly in the nearby tissue, with more limited systemic effects compared to orally administered estrogens. [ 1 ]
Therapy can take the form of an estrogen pill, skin patch, ring, gel, cream, or spray, and it usually includes a second hormone, progestogen, which can be either progesterone or a synthetic progestin.
The most common side-effects of combined hormonal contraceptives include headache, nausea, breast tenderness, and breakthrough bleeding. Vaginal ring use can include additional side-effects including vaginal irritation and vaginal discharge. Contraceptive skin patch use can also include a side-effect of skin irritation around the patch site. [39]
Menopause and sex lives at the intersection of women’s pain, pleasure, and aging, all topics that somehow still—in 2023—make doctors (and society at large) glitch, leaving women to suffer in ...