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  2. Law of large numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_large_numbers

    A special form of the LLN (for a binary random variable) was first proved by Jacob Bernoulli. [10] [3] It took him over 20 years to develop a sufficiently rigorous mathematical proof which was published in his Ars Conjectandi (The Art of Conjecturing) in 1713. He named this his "Golden Theorem" but it became generally known as "Bernoulli's ...

  3. Golden ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio

    The golden ratio φ and its negative reciprocal −φ −1 are the two roots of the quadratic polynomial x 2 − x − 1. The golden ratio's negative −φ and reciprocal φ −1 are the two roots of the quadratic polynomial x 2 + x − 1. The golden ratio is also an algebraic number and even an algebraic integer.

  4. Propagation of uncertainty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_of_uncertainty

    Any non-linear differentiable function, (,), of two variables, and , can be expanded as + +. If we take the variance on both sides and use the formula [11] for the variance of a linear combination of variables ⁡ (+) = ⁡ + ⁡ + ⁡ (,), then we obtain | | + | | +, where is the standard deviation of the function , is the standard deviation of , is the standard deviation of and = is the ...

  5. Benford's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford's_law

    The fit of the log-normal distribution depends on the mean and the variance of the distribution. The variance has a much greater effect on the fit than does the mean. Larger values of both parameters result in better agreement with the law. The ratio of two log normal distributions is a log normal so this distribution was not examined.

  6. Observational error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_error

    Random errors are errors in measurement that lead to measurable values being inconsistent when repeated measurements of a constant attribute or quantity are taken. Random errors create measurement uncertainty .

  7. Errors and residuals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals

    For example, if the mean height in a population of 21-year-old men is 1.75 meters, and one randomly chosen man is 1.80 meters tall, then the "error" is 0.05 meters; if the randomly chosen man is 1.70 meters tall, then the "error" is −0.05 meters.

  8. Randomization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomization

    Randomization is widely applied in various fields, especially in scientific research, statistical analysis, and resource allocation, to ensure fairness and validity in the outcomes. [8] [9] [10] In various contexts, randomization may involve Generating Random Permutations: This is essential in various situations, such as shuffling cards. By ...

  9. Talk:Golden ratio/Archive 1 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Golden_ratio/Archive_1

    Perhaps the solution is a disambiguation page for golden mean, distinguishing its meaning as a synonym for golden ratio (pointing to this page), and its philosophical meaning (pointing to a version of Golden Mean that is limited to that meaning and substantially edited to improve it [unless it gets deleted first!]). Finell 10:12, 4 October 2005 ...