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Abnormal behaviour in animals can be defined in several ways. Statistically , abnormal is when the occurrence, frequency or intensity of a behaviour varies statistically significantly , either more or less, from the normal value.
Sexual coercion among animals is the use of violence, threats, harassment, and other tactics to help them forcefully copulate. [1] Such behavior has been compared to sexual assault, including rape, among humans. [2] In nature, males and females usually differ in reproductive fitness optima. [3]
Sexual dimorphism in immune function is a common pattern in vertebrates and also in a number of invertebrates. Most often, females are more 'immunocompetent' than males. This trait is not consistent among all animals, but differs depending on taxonomy, with the most female-biased immune systems being found in insects. [129]
Other animal activities may be misinterpreted due to the frequency and context in which animals perform the behaviour. For example, domestic ruminants display behaviours such as mounting and head-butting. This often occurs when the animals are establishing dominance relationships and are not necessarily sexually motivated.
A term with a similar but distinct meaning is androphobia, which describes a fear, but not necessarily hatred, of men. [20] [better source needed] Anthropologist David D. Gilmore coined the term "viriphobia" in line with his view that misandry typically targets machismo, "the obnoxious manly pose", along with the oppressive male roles of patriarchy
In the polyandrous system, sexual coercion has been observed to be one of the major reasons for why females begin to mate with multiple males to outweigh the cost under different circumstances. [17] The sexual conflict hypothesis suggest that polyandry can occur due to sexual coercion [18] preventing females from obtaining any benefits. Sexual ...
Gynophobia is analogous with androphobia, the extreme and/or irrational fear of men. A subset of it is caligynephobia, or the fear of beautiful women. A subset of it is caligynephobia, or the fear of beautiful women.
The use of animals in the circus has been controversial since animal welfare groups have documented instances of animal cruelty during the training of performing animals. Animal abuse in circuses has been documented such as keeping them in small enclosures, lack of veterinary care, abusive training methods, and lack of oversight by regulating ...