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One biosynthetic route of caffeine, as performed by Camellia and Coffea species [202] [203] One laboratory synthesis of caffeine [204] [205] The biosynthesis of caffeine is an example of convergent evolution among different species. [206] [207] [208] Caffeine may be synthesized in the lab starting with 1,3-dimethylurea and malonic acid.
Caffeine dependence can cause a host of physiological effects if caffeine consumption is not maintained. Commonly known caffeine withdrawal symptoms include headaches, fatigue, loss of focus, lack of motivation, mood swings, nausea, insomnia, dizziness, cardiac issues, hypertension, anxiety, and backache and joint pain; these can range in severity from mild to severe. [18]
The caffeine content of cola drinks and most energy drinks can be difficult to determine, because in many cases the labels do not indicate the dose per serving. Caffeine doses in these beverages range from 20 to 30 mg in some soft drinks, up to 350 mg or more in some energy drinks.
In general, one serving of coffee ranges from 80 to 100 milligrams, for a single shot (30 milliliters) of arabica-variety espresso, to approximately 100–125 milligrams for a cup (120 milliliters) of drip coffee. [10] [11] Arabica coffee typically contains half the caffeine of the robusta variety. [9]
One thing he’s found is that after the immediate effects of cannabis wear off, people misjudge how impaired they are. “You're sort of always comparing it to how you felt a little while ago ...
Pre-workout may contain vitamins, creatine and caffeine. Is it worth trying?
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A March 2011 article in Consumer Reports reported that, according to a lab test, a 2-US-fluid-ounce (59 ml) 5-Hour Energy contained 207 milligrams of caffeine, slightly more than an 8 US fl oz (240 ml) serving of Starbucks coffee which contains 180 mg of caffeine. [4] (It is not clear whether the "Original" or "Extra Strength" product was tested.)