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Coastal defence (or defense) and coastal fortification are measures taken to provide protection against military attack at or near a coastline (or other shoreline), [1] for example, fortifications and coastal artillery.
When the United States gained independence in 1783, the seacoast defense fortifications were in poor condition. Concerned by the outbreak of war in Europe in 1793, the Congress created a combined unit of "Artillerists and Engineers" to design, build, and garrison forts in 1794, appointed a committee to study coast defense needs, and appropriated money to construct a number of fortifications ...
Deactivated as coastal fort: Year the fort was disarmed (periods of caretaker status are not noted). Deactivated as military post: Year the fort site was abandoned by the Armed Forces. For new construction in World War II, locations with 6-inch guns are included only where they were the primary defenses in the area.
Coastal management, the protection of the coast from the action of wind, wave and tide Coastal defence and fortification , the protection of the coast against military or naval attack Topics referred to by the same term
Coastal artillery is the branch of the armed forces concerned with operating anti-ship artillery or fixed gun batteries in coastal fortifications. [1] In modern times, coastal artillery has generally been replaced with anti-ship missiles , such as the Ukrainian R-360 Neptune .
Coastal fortifications in Scotland; Sea mark; Seacoast defense in the United States; Seesaw searchlight; Seymour Tower; Shimonoseki Fortress; Shivering Sands Army Fort;
Endicott Period battery with two guns on disappearing carriages 10-inch disappearing gun at Battery Granger, Fort Hancock, New Jersey. In 1885, US President Grover Cleveland appointed a joint Army, Navy and civilian board, headed by Secretary of War William Crowninshield Endicott, known as the Board of Fortifications (now usually referred to simply as the Endicott Board).
Fortification is usually divided into two branches: permanent fortification and field fortification. Permanent fortifications are erected at leisure, with all the resources that a state can supply of constructive and mechanical skill, and are built of enduring materials.