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The ability to produce seedless fruit when pollination is unsuccessful may be an advantage to a plant because it provides food for the plant's seed dispersers. Without a fruit crop, the seed dispersing animals may starve or migrate. In some plants, pollination or another stimulation is required for parthenocarpy, termed stimulative parthenocarpy.
Parthenogenesis (/ ˌ p ɑːr θ ɪ n oʊ ˈ dʒ ɛ n ɪ s ɪ s,-θ ɪ n ə-/; [1] [2] from the Greek παρθένος, parthénos, 'virgin' + γένεσις, génesis, 'creation' [3]) is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which the embryo develops directly from an egg without need for fertilization.
In male sterile plants, the parthenocarpy expresses itself only sporadically on the plant with deformed fruits. It has been reported that plant hormones provided by the ovary seed (such as auxins and gibberellins) promote fruit set and growth to produce seedless fruits. Initially, without seeds in the fruit, vegetative propagation was essential.
In stenospermocarpic fruits, normal pollination and fertilization are still required to ensure that the fruit 'sets', i.e. continues to develop on the plant; however subsequent abortion of the embryo that began growing following fertilization leads to a near seedless condition. The remains of the undeveloped seed are visible in the fruit. [1]
Parthenocarpic fruit-set may (or may not) require pollination, but most seedless citrus fruits require a stimulus from pollination to produce fruit. [29] Seedless bananas and grapes are triploids , and seedlessness results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy , which ...
Merriam-Webster defines "fruit" as "the usually edible reproductive body of a seed plant." Most often, these seed plants are sweet and enjoyed as dessert (think berries and melons), but some ...
In contrast to parthenocarpy, which involves seedless fruit formation without fertilization, apomictic fruits have viable seeds containing a proper embryo, with asexual origin. In flowering plants, the term "apomixis" is used in a restricted sense to mean agamospermy, i.e. clonal reproduction through seeds.
This is also termed and associated with parthenocarpy, the production of fruit without fertilization. Self-incompatible fruits are able to undergo parthenocarpy to yield seedless fruits. In citrus specifically, there have been other modes developed to reduce seeding as well: gibberellic acid enhances ovule abortion [10] and copper sulfate has ...