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[4] [8] Diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms, blood tests, and medical imaging, and confirmed by biopsy of the temporal artery. [4] However, in about 10% of people the temporal artery is normal. [4] Treatment is typical with high doses of steroids such as prednisone or prednisolone. [4]
A temporal artery biopsy (TAB) can be performed to differentiate between the two disease states. [13] As the disease progresses, the arteriosclerosis results in the obstruction of normal blood flow, and potentially the formation of blood clots.
Treatment of established disease may include medications to lower cholesterol such as statins, blood pressure medication, or medications that decrease clotting, such as aspirin. [6] Many procedures may also be carried out such as percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft, or carotid endarterectomy. [6]
Peripheral artery disease most commonly affects the legs, but other arteries may also be involved, such as those of the arms, neck, or kidneys. [4] [17] Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a form of peripheral vascular disease. Vascular refers to the arteries and veins within the body. PAD differs from peripheral veinous disease. PAD means the ...
The halo sign of temporal arteritis should not be confused with Deuel's halo sign, which is a sign of fetal death. [ 3 ] The halo sign is also understood as a region of ground-glass attenuation surrounding a pulmonary nodule on an X-ray computed tomography (CT scan) of the chest.
Medications include: Antithrombotic medication. These are commonly given because thromboembolism is the major cause of arterial embolism. Examples are: Anticoagulants (such as warfarin or heparin) and antiplatelet medication (such as aspirin, ticlopidine, and clopidogrel) can prevent new clots from forming [2]
European guidelines recommend aspirin being added on as an adjunct therapy for those with medium or large vessel involvement. [6] Maintenance therapy was associated with lower deaths, lower risk of relapse, less disability and European guidelines recommend at least 2 years of maintenance therapy after induction.
Despite this, prevailing guidelines lean towards recommending beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers as the preferred first-line treatment. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for managing stable coronary artery disease provide well-defined classes of recommendation with corresponding levels of evidence.