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Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease can only be well diagnosed with a lung biopsy. CT scans may show characteristic findings such as ground-glass opacities in centrilobular distribution, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy , but these findings are non-specific and may be seen in other conditions.
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) or veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency is a potentially life-threatening condition in which some of the small veins in the liver are obstructed. It is a complication of high-dose chemotherapy given before a bone marrow transplant or excessive exposure to hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids .
When impaired vein function leads to significant symptoms such as oedema (swelling) or venous ulcer formation, the condition is referred to as chronic venous disease. [3] It is also known as chronic peripheral venous insufficiency and should not be confused with post-thrombotic syndrome , a separate condition caused by damage to the deep veins ...
Portal hypertension is defined as increased portal venous pressure, with a hepatic venous pressure gradient greater than 5 mmHg. [3] [4] Normal portal pressure is 1–4 mmHg; clinically insignificant portal hypertension is present at portal pressures 5–9 mmHg; clinically significant portal hypertension is present at portal pressures greater than 10 mmHg. [5]
Budd–Chiari syndrome is a very rare condition, affecting one in a million adults. [1] [2] The condition is caused by occlusion of the hepatic veins (usually due to a blood clot) that drain the liver.
Associated conditions:Connective tissue disease, HIV infection, Portal hypertension, Congenital heart diseases, Schistosomiasis; WHO Group I' – Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD), pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) Idiopathic; Heritable (EIF2AK4 mutations) Drugs, toxins and radiation-induced
Histological specimens of cavernosal tissue in patients with confirmed veno-occlusive disease (VOD) show changes in the structure of collagen and elastin making up the connective tissue of the penis when compared to a control group. [7] These changes may be responsible for such symptoms.
Central retinal vein occlusion and branch retinal vein occlusion: despite the name these conditions have much more in common with arterial thrombosis and are not treated with anticoagulants; Paget–Schroetter disease: thrombosis of the veins of the arms (axillary and subclavian veins) Budd-Chiari syndrome (thrombosis of the hepatic vein)