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Example of a Key Derivation Function chain as used in the Signal Protocol.The output of one KDF function is the input to the next KDF function in the chain. In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a ...
Diceware is a method for creating passphrases, passwords, and other cryptographic variables using ordinary dice as a hardware random number generator. For each word in the passphrase, five rolls of a six-sided die are required. The numbers from 1 to 6 that come up in the rolls are assembled as a five-digit number, e.g. 43146. That number is ...
(The number 7776 was chosen to allow words to be selected by throwing five dice. 7776 = 6 5) Random word sequences may then be memorized using techniques such as the memory palace. Another is to choose two phrases, turn one into an acronym, and include it in the second, making the final passphrase. For instance, using two English language ...
PBKDF2 applies a pseudorandom function, such as hash-based message authentication code (HMAC), to the input password or passphrase along with a salt value and repeats the process many times to produce a derived key, which can then be used as a cryptographic key in subsequent operations.
Another (lesser) benefit of a salt is as follows: two users might choose the same string as their password. Without a salt, this password would be stored as the same hash string in the password file. This would disclose the fact that the two accounts have the same password, allowing anyone who knows one of the account's passwords to access the ...
In computer programming, a one-liner program originally was textual input to the command line of an operating system shell that performed some function in just one line of input. In the present day, a one-liner can be an expression written in the language of the shell;
The Newmark-beta method is a method of numerical integration used to solve certain differential equations.It is widely used in numerical evaluation of the dynamic response of structures and solids such as in finite element analysis to model dynamic systems.
where () and have already been computed by the algorithm, therefore requiring only one additional function evaluation to compute (+). The choice of the finite difference step h {\displaystyle h} can affect the stability of the algorithm, and a value of around 0.1 is usually reasonable in general.