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Today, many Taoist organizations like Taoist Church of Italy and Catalan Taoist Association have been established in the West. "Popular Western Taoism" is a term coined by Jonathan R. Herman in his 1998 review of Ursula K. Le Guin's Daodejing "rendition", referring to the
1770 Wang Bi edition of the Tao Te Ching. Throughout the history of Taoism, the Tao Te Ching has been a central text, used for ritual, self-cultivation, and philosophical purposes. [297] [298] According to legend, the Tao Te Ching (also known as the Laozi) was written by Laozi. [299]
Each school of philosophy has its tao, its doctrine of the way in which life should be ordered. Finally in a particular school of philosophy whose followers came to be called Taoists, tao meant 'the way the universe works'; and ultimately something very like God, in the more abstract and philosophical sense of that term. [19]
"Tao religion" is often used for Taoism itself, [12] as well as being used for many Tao-based new religious movements. [13] "Far Eastern religion" or "Taoic religion" may refer only to faiths incorporating the concept of Tao, may include Chan and Japanese Buddhism, or may inclusively refer to all Asian religions. [14] [15] [16]
The term Tao means "way", "path" or "principle", and can also be found in Chinese philosophies and religions other than Taoism. In Taoism, however, Tao denotes something that is both the source and the driving force behind everything that exists. It is ultimately ineffable: "The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao." [1] Also called Daoism.
The Flemish philosopher Ulrich Libbrecht traces the origins of some features of Taoism to what Jan Jakob Maria de Groot called "Wuism", [6] that is Chinese shamanism. [ 7 ] Libbrecht distinguishes two layers in the development of the Chinese theology and religion that continues to this day, traditions derived respectively from the Shang ( c ...
Taoism arose as a philosophy and later also developed into a religion based on the texts the Tao Te Ching (ascribed to Laozi) and the Zhuangzi (partly ascribed to Zhuang Zhou). The word Tao (道; also transliterated as Dao) literally means 'path' or 'way'. However, in Taoism it refers more often to a meta-physical force that encompasses the ...
Laozi (601 BCE–531 BCE) (Founder of Philosophical Taoism) [1] Wenzi (c. 5th century BCE) Lie Yukou (Liezi) (c. 400 BCE) [1] Zhuang Zi (Chuang Tzu) (c. 4th century BCE) [1] Guiguzi (c. 2nd century BCE) Yang Xiong (53 BCE–18) Maming Sheng (c. 100) Yin Changsheng (120–210) Wei Boyang (151–221) Ge Xuan (164–244) Zhang Jiao (d. 184) [1 ...