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A diagram explaining factors affecting arterial pressure. Pathophysiology is a study which explains the function of the body as it relates to diseases and conditions. The pathophysiology of hypertension is an area which attempts to explain mechanistically the causes of hypertension, which is a chronic disease characterized by elevation of blood pressure.
Blood pressure varies over longer time periods (months to years) and this variability predicts adverse outcomes. [18] Blood pressure also changes in response to temperature, noise, emotional stress, consumption of food or liquid, dietary factors, physical activity, changes in posture (such as standing-up), drugs, and disease. [19]
[1] [2] It is the most common type affecting 85% of those with high blood pressure. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The remaining 15% is accounted for by various causes of secondary hypertension . [ 3 ] Essential hypertension tends to be familial and is likely to be the consequence of an interaction between environmental and genetic factors.
Renovascular hypertension is caused by diminished blood flow to one or both kidneys. As a result, the kidneys release hormones that cause the body to retain sodium and water, leading to elevated blood pressure. There are many causes of decreased blood flow to the kidneys. These include: [5] Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis; Fibromuscular ...
Pulse pressure is calculated as the difference between the systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure. [3] [4]The systemic pulse pressure is approximately proportional to stroke volume, or the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole (pump action) and inversely proportional to the compliance (similar to elasticity) of the aorta.
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Afterload can also be described as the pressure that the chambers of the heart must generate to eject blood from the heart, and this is a consequence of aortic pressure (for the left ventricle) and pulmonic pressure or pulmonary artery pressure (for the right ventricle).
As a result, there is increased pressure within the circulatory system, resulting in fluid moving into the surrounding tissues. [4] In the lungs, the extra fluid accumulates into the air sacs within the lung, causing difficulties in oxygen getting into the blood. This results in low blood oxygen levels and shortness of breath.