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Intuitively, as the source charge moves back in time, the cross section of its light cone at present time expands faster than it can recede, so eventually it must reach the point . This is not necessarily true if the source charge's speed is allowed to be arbitrarily close to c {\displaystyle c} , i.e. , if for any given speed v < c ...
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A point charge q in the electric field of another charge Q. The electrostatic potential energy, U E, of one point charge q at position r in the presence of a point charge Q, taking an infinite separation between the charges as the reference position, is:
This charge is sometimes called the Noether charge. Thus, for example, the electric charge is the generator of the U(1) symmetry of electromagnetism. The conserved current is the electric current. In the case of local, dynamical symmetries, associated with every charge is a gauge field; when quantized, the gauge field becomes a gauge boson. The ...
The fields hence found for uniformly moving point charges are given by: [28] = () / = () / = where is the charge of the point source, is the position vector from the point source to the point in space, is the velocity vector of the charged particle, is the ratio of speed of the charged particle divided by the speed of light and is the ...
An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) that has lost one or more electrons, giving it a net positive charge (cation), or that has gained one or more electrons, giving it a net negative charge (anion). Monatomic ions are formed from single atoms, while polyatomic ions are formed from two or more atoms that have been bonded together, in each case ...
Electrical mobility is the ability of charged particles (such as electrons or protons) to move through a medium in response to an electric field that is pulling them. The separation of ions according to their mobility in gas phase is called ion mobility spectrometry , in liquid phase it is called electrophoresis .
Crystalline solids and molecular solids are two opposite extreme cases of materials that exhibit substantially different transport mechanisms. While in atomic solids transport is intra-molecular, also known as band transport, in molecular solids the transport is inter-molecular, also known as hopping transport.