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The key assumption is that as a plug flows through a PFR, the fluid is perfectly mixed in the radial direction but not in the axial direction (forwards or backwards). Each plug of differential volume is considered as a separate entity, effectively an infinitesimally small continuous stirred tank reactor , limiting to zero volume.
A CSTR often refers to a model used to estimate the key unit operation variables when using a continuous agitated-tank reactor to reach a specified output. The mathematical model works for all fluids: liquids, gases, and slurries. The behavior of a CSTR is often approximated or modeled by that of an ideal CSTR, which assumes perfect mixing. In ...
As a result, the dispersity of the reactor lies between that of a batch and that of a homogeneous CSTR. [9] Step growth polymerization is most affected by reactor type. To achieve any high molecular weight polymer, the fractional conversion must exceed 0.99, and the dispersity of this reaction mechanism in a batch or PFR is 2.0.
A combination of reactors is often termed a reactor structure. An example of the reactors that are considered for this theory are Continuous flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) and a Plug flow reactor model (PFR). Knowledge of the AR helps to address two areas in chemical reactor design:
There are four main groups of chemical reactors - CSTR, PFR, semi-batch, and catalytic - with variations on each. Depending on the nature of the chemicals involved in the reaction, as well as the operating conditions (e.g. temperature and pressure), certain materials will perform better over others.
1040 vs. 1040a vs. 1040EZ: What’s the Difference? In previous years, what forms you filled out depended on a variety of factors, such as income or filing status. Now, taxpayers will only use the ...
In this way, a higher efficiency may be obtained, or the size and cost of the PFR may be reduced. A PFR has a higher theoretical efficiency than a CSTR of the same volume. That is, given the same space-time (or residence time), a reaction will proceed to a higher percentage completion in a PFR than in a CSTR.
Image source: Getty Images. 1. Cost increases for Parts A and B. Original Medicare's premiums and deductibles went up in 2025. The Part A annual deductible increased from $1,632 to $1,676, and the ...
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