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In machine learning, hyperparameter optimization [1] or tuning is the problem of choosing a set of optimal hyperparameters for a learning algorithm. A hyperparameter is a parameter whose value is used to control the learning process, which must be configured before the process starts. [2] [3]
Bayesian optimization of a function (black) with Gaussian processes (purple). Three acquisition functions (blue) are shown at the bottom. [8]Bayesian optimization is typically used on problems of the form (), where is a set of points, , which rely upon less (or equal to) than 20 dimensions (,), and whose membership can easily be evaluated.
Gradient descent is a method for unconstrained mathematical optimization. It is a first-order iterative algorithm for minimizing a differentiable multivariate function . The idea is to take repeated steps in the opposite direction of the gradient (or approximate gradient) of the function at the current point, because this is the direction of ...
Learning rate; Least squares; Least-squares spectral analysis; Lemke's algorithm; Level-set method; Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm; Lexicographic max-min optimization; Lexicographic optimization; Limited-memory BFGS; Line search; Linear-fractional programming; Lloyd's algorithm; Local convergence; Local search (optimization) Luus–Jaakola
In 1997, the practical performance benefits from vectorization achievable with such small batches were first explored, [13] paving the way for efficient optimization in machine learning. As of 2023, this mini-batch approach remains the norm for training neural networks, balancing the benefits of stochastic gradient descent with gradient descent .
The optimization of portfolios is an example of multi-objective optimization in economics. Since the 1970s, economists have modeled dynamic decisions over time using control theory . [ 14 ] For example, dynamic search models are used to study labor-market behavior . [ 15 ]
In this case, player allocates higher weight to the actions that had a better outcome and choose his strategy relying on these weights. In machine learning, Littlestone applied the earliest form of the multiplicative weights update rule in his famous winnow algorithm, which is similar to Minsky and Papert's earlier perceptron learning algorithm ...
Download as PDF; Printable version; ... A machine learning model is a type of mathematical model that, ... [175] Common optimization techniques include pruning ...