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Marine shoals also develop either by the in-place drowning of barrier islands as the result of episodic sea level rise or by the erosion and submergence of inactive delta lobes. Shoals can appear as a coastal landform in the sea, where they are classified as a type of ocean bank, or as fluvial landforms in rivers, streams, and lakes.
Glen – Name for valley commonly used in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man; Gorge – Deep chasm between cliffs; Graben – Depressed block of planetary crust bordered by parallel normal faults; Gulch – Deep V-shaped valley formed by erosion; Gulf; Gully – Landform created by running water and/or mass movement eroding sharply into soil
Shoals and bars offer protection from wave erosion by causing storm waves to break and dissipate their energy before reaching the shore. Given the dynamic nature of the seafloor, changes in the location of shoals and bars may cause the locus of beach or cliff erosion to change position along the shore.
Erosion and changes in the form of river banks may be measured by inserting metal rods into the bank and marking the position of the bank surface along the rods at different times. [23] Thermal erosion is the result of melting and weakening permafrost due to moving water. [24] It can occur both along rivers and at the coast.
Bank erosion is the wearing away of the banks of a stream or river. This is distinguished from changes on the bed of the watercourse, which is referred to as scour. Erosion and changes in the form of river banks may be measured by inserting metal rods into the bank and marking the position of the bank surface along the rods at different times. [17]
Shoal, also known as bar – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface; Spring (hydrology) – Point at which water emerges from an aquifer to the surface; Stream – Body of surface water flowing down a channel; Stream pool – Deep and slow-moving stretch of a watercourse
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