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The resting concentration of Ca 2+ in the cytoplasm is normally maintained around 100 nM.This is 20,000- to 100,000-fold lower than typical extracellular concentration. [1] [2] To maintain this low concentration, Ca 2+ is actively pumped from the cytosol to the extracellular space, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and sometimes into the mitochondria.
Inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is a membrane glycoprotein complex acting as a Ca 2+ channel activated by inositol trisphosphate (InsP3). InsP3R is very diverse among organisms, and is necessary for the control of cellular and physiological processes including cell division, cell proliferation, apoptosis, fertilization, development, behavior, learning and memory. [2]
Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate abbreviated InsP 3 or Ins3P or IP 3 is an inositol phosphate signaling molecule. It is made by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2), a phospholipid that is located in the plasma membrane, by phospholipase C (PLC).
Secondary messenger systems can be synthesized and activated by enzymes, for example, the cyclases that synthesize cyclic nucleotides, or by opening of ion channels to allow influx of metal ions, for example Ca 2+ signaling. These small molecules bind and activate protein kinases, ion channels, and other proteins, thus continuing the signaling ...
Principle of calcium encoding.A schematics of intracellular calcium signaling and its equivalent from a calcium encoding perspective.. Calcium encoding (also referred to as Ca 2+ encoding or calcium information processing) is an intracellular signaling pathway used by many cells to transfer, process and encode external information detected by the cell.
When calcium ions (Ca 2+) are depleted from the endoplasmic reticulum (a major store of Ca 2+) of mammalian cells, the CRAC channel is activated to slowly replenish the level of calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum. The Ca 2+ Release-activated Ca 2+ (CRAC) Channel (CRAC-C) Family (TC# 1.A.52) is a member of the Cation Diffusion Facilitator (CDF ...
inositol-phospholipid signaling pathway. The inositol-phospholipid signaling pathway is responsible for the generation of IP3 through the cleavage of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) found in the lipid bi-layer of the plasma membrane by phospholipase C in response to either receptor tyrosine kinase or Gq alpha subunit-G protein-coupled receptor signaling.
In biology, the enzyme ITP3K is abbreviated a number of different ways, including 1D-myo-inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase, ITP3K, ITPK, IP3-kinase, IP3-3-kinase, Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase. In addition the enzyme may be named as the product of one of 3 genes in humans ITPKA , ITPKB , and ITPKC , or one of two in fruit flies, IP3K1 and IP3K2 —a ...