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See also References Further reading External links A acidulate To use an acid (such as that found in citrus juice, vinegar, or wine) to prevent browning, alter flavour, or make an item safe for canning. al dente To cook food (typically pasta) to the point where it is tender but not mushy. amandine A culinary term indicating a garnish of almonds. A dish served amandine is usually cooked with ...
The water hammer principle can be used to create a simple water pump called a hydraulic ram. Leaks can sometimes be detected using water hammer. Enclosed air pockets can be detected in pipelines. The water hammer from a liquid jet created by a collapsing microcavity is studied for potential applications noninvasive transdermal drug delivery. [33]
Sous vide cooking using thermal immersion circulator machines. Sous vide (/ s uː ˈ v iː d /; French for 'under vacuum' [1]), also known as low-temperature, long-time (LTLT) cooking, [2] [3] [4] is a method of cooking invented by the French chef Georges Pralus in 1974, [5] [6] in which food is placed in a plastic pouch or a glass jar and cooked in a water bath for longer than usual cooking ...
Braising – combination cooking method using both moist and dry heat; typically the food is first seared at a high temperature and then finished in a covered pot with a variable amount of liquid, resulting in a particular flavour. Coddling – food is heated in water kept just below the boiling point.
Alternatively, the foods themselves can release water. A favorite method of adding flavor to dishes is to save the liquid for use in other recipes. Liquids are so important to cooking that the name of the cooking method used is often based on how the liquid is combined with the food, as in steaming, simmering, boiling, braising and blanching.
Simmering is usually a rapid and efficient method of cooking. Food that has simmered in milk or cream instead of water is sometimes referred to as creamed. The appropriate simmering temperature is a topic of debate among chefs, with some contending that a simmer is as low as 82 °C or 180 °F. [2]
Stone Age stone mortar and pestle, Kebaran culture, 22000–18000 BC Rock mortars in Raqefet Cave, Israel, used for making beer during the Stone Age Mortars and pestles were invented in the Stone Age when humans found that processing food and various other materials by grinding and crushing into smaller particles allowed for improved use and various advantages.
Steaming is a method of cooking using steam. This is often done with a food steamer, a kitchen appliance made specifically to cook food with steam, but food can also be steamed in a wok. In the American Southwest, steam pits used for cooking have been found dating back about 5,000 years.