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  2. Ocean acidification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification

    [51]: 76 The pH value of the ocean interior has declined over the last 20–30 years everywhere in the global ocean. [51]: 76 The report also found that "pH in open ocean surface water has declined by about 0.017 to 0.027 pH units per decade since the late 1980s". [52]: 716 The rate of decline differs by region.

  3. Ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification_in_the...

    Additionally, if atmospheric carbon dioxide reaches 800 ppm, the ocean surface water pH decrease will be 0.4 units, and the total dissolved carbonate ion concentration will have decreased by at least 60%. [15] Recent estimates state that with business-as-usual emission levels, the atmospheric carbon dioxide could reach 800 ppm by the year 2100 ...

  4. pH - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

    There is evidence of ongoing ocean acidification (meaning a drop in pH value): Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. [29] Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels exceeding 410 ppm (in 2020).

  5. Estuarine acidification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarine_acidification

    An estuary is defined as "a water passage where the tide meets a river current". The pH of estuaries is highly variable because of freshwater flow from rivers and groundwater, as well as primary productivity (exacerbated by nutrient loading) and coastal upwelling. Fresh water from rivers typically has a lower pH than ocean water (~7 compared to ...

  6. Marine botany - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_botany

    Marine botany is the study of flowering vascular plant species and marine algae that live in shallow seawater of the open ocean and the littoral zone, along shorelines of the intertidal zone, coastal wetlands, and low-salinity brackish water of estuaries. It is a branch of marine biology and botany.

  7. Marine biogenic calcification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biogenic_calcification

    This series of reactions governs the pH levels in the ocean and also dictates the saturation state of seawater, indicating how saturated or unsaturated the seawater is with carbonate ions. Consequently, the saturation state significantly influences the balance between the dissolution and calcification processes in marine biogenic calcifiers.

  8. Human impact on marine life - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life

    When the shell of a pteropod was immersed in water with a pH level the ocean is projected to reach by the year 2100, the shell almost completely dissolved within six weeks. [109] Likewise corals , [ 110 ] coralline algae , [ 111 ] coccolithophores, [ 112 ] foraminifera , [ 113 ] as well as shellfish generally, [ 114 ] all experience reduced ...

  9. Marine biogeochemical cycles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles

    Water carried into the mantle eventually returns to the surface in eruptions at mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. [131]: 646 Estimates of the amount of water in the mantle range from 1 ⁄ 4 to 4 times the water in the ocean. [131]: 630–634 The deep carbon cycle is the movement of carbon through the Earth's mantle and core.

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