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Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs), also referred to as a hepatic panel or liver panel, are groups of blood tests that provide information about the state of a patient's liver. [1] These tests include prothrombin time (PT/INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), albumin , bilirubin (direct and indirect), and others.
A bronchopulmonary segment is a portion of lung supplied by a specific segmental bronchus and its vessels. [1] [2] These arteries branch from the pulmonary and bronchial arteries, and run together through the center of the segment. Veins and lymphatic vessels drain along the edges of the segment.
Each bronchopulmonary segment has its own (segmental) bronchus and arterial supply. [8] Segments for the left and right lung are shown in the table. [5] The segmental anatomy is useful clinically for localising disease processes in the lungs. [5] A segment is a discrete unit that can be surgically removed without seriously affecting surrounding ...
A liver segment is one of eight segments of the liver as described in the widely used Couinaud classification (named after Claude Couinaud) in the anatomy of the liver. This system divides the lobes of the liver into eight segments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein , [ 1 ] arranged in a clockwise manner ...
Enzyme activity is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden. [5] Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity. [citation needed]
The basic metabolic panel is a simpler version of the comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), which includes tests for liver function. Components The version with seven ...
ALT is commonly measured clinically as part of liver function tests and is a component of the AST/ALT ratio. [6] When used in diagnostics, it is almost always measured in international units/liter (IU/L) [7] or μkat. While sources vary on specific reference range values for patients, 0-40 IU/L is the standard reference range for experimental ...
The terminal bronchioles are the most distal segment of the conducting zone. They branch off the lesser bronchioles. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium containing club cells. Club cells are non ...