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Level of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables. [1] Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement: nominal , ordinal , interval , and ratio .
The concept of level is the keystone of this approach. In an educational research example, the levels for a 2-level model might be pupil; class; However, if one were studying multiple schools and multiple school districts, a 4-level model could include pupil; class; school; district
At the micro level, also referred to as the local level, the research population typically is an individual in their social setting or a small group of individuals in a particular social context. Examples of micro levels of analysis include, but are not limited to, the following individual analysis type approach:
For example, a scaling technique might involve estimating individuals' levels of extraversion, or the perceived quality of products. Certain methods of scaling permit estimation of magnitudes on a continuum, while other methods provide only for relative ordering of the entities. The level of measurement is the type of data that is measured.
Ordinal data is a categorical, statistical data type where the variables have natural, ordered categories and the distances between the categories are not known. [1]: 2 These data exist on an ordinal scale, one of four levels of measurement described by S. S. Stevens in 1946.
Questionnaires with questions that measure separate variables, could, for instance, include questions on: preferences (e.g. political party) behaviors (e.g. food consumption) facts (e.g. gender) Questionnaires with questions that are aggregated into either a scale or index include for instance questions that measure: latent traits
Composite measure in statistics and research design refer to composite measures of variables, i.e. measurements based on multiple data items. [1] An example of a composite measure is an IQ test, which gives a single score based on a series of responses to various questions. Three common composite measures include:
Traditionally, attention focuses on whether assessments are reliable and valid. In practice, educational measurement is largely concerned with the analysis of data from educational assessments or tests. Typically, this means using total scores on assessments, whether they are multiple choice or open-ended and marked using marking rubrics or guides.