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The defter was a tax register. It recorded names and property/land ownership; it categorised households, and sometimes whole villages, by religion. The names recorded in a defter can give valuable information about ethnic background; these tax records are a valuable source for current-day historians investigating the ethnic & religious history of parts of the Ottoman Empire. [3]
The Ottoman Bank was founded in 1856 in Istanbul. Real GDP per capita in Turkey, 1400 to 1918. The economic history of the Ottoman Empire covers the period 1299–1923. Trade, agriculture, transportation, and religion made up the Ottoman Empire's economy.
The adet-i ağnam could be subject to tax farming; magnates would pay a hefty downpayment to the treasury in return for the right to collect sheep-taxes from villages. [10] The Ottoman government used various means to encourage sheep-rearing, because it was a source of substantial revenue; it could also make a profit for vakufs, and other ...
An iltizam (Arabic: التزام, romanized: iltizām) was a form of tax farm that appeared in the 15th century in the Ottoman Empire.The system began under Mehmed the Conqueror and was abolished during the Tanzimat reforms in 1856.
Of crucial importance for this period in Ottoman history was the institution of malikāne, or life-term tax farm.Tax farming had been used as a method of revenue-raising throughout the seventeenth century, but contracts only began to be sold on a life-term basis in 1695, as part of the empire's wartime fiscal reforms.
Salaried infantry equipped with firearms replaced sipahi cavalrymen, and their tax levies. [3] In 1695, malikane mukata’a, or life-term tax farms, were introduced, granting buyers the right to revenues on the parcel until the death of the holder, and freeing them from local oversight in exchange for incentivizing long-term growth. [4]
The Ottoman Empire, rather than using its own resources to collect taxes, awarded tax collecting rights to the highest bidder, who could keep profits after sending a portion back to the central government. [3] Though access to these tax farms took different forms throughout the period, local a'yan developed into the chief owners of these rights.
A malikâne tax-farm, typically for a village or district, would be auctioned to the highest bidder; in return for collecting all state taxes from that area, [2] the winner of the auction would make a large downpayment called muaccele, and then annual payments called mâl. The auction determined the initial payment - subject to a minimum price ...